Salivary Biomarkers in Early Periodontal Inflammation: A Cross-Sectional Clinical Study
Keywords:
Saliva; Biomarkers; Periodontal inflammation; Gingivitis; Oral diagnosis; Non-invasive screening; Periodontal disease.Abstract
Saliva contains numerous biological molecules that may reflect early inflammatory changes within the periodontal tissues. Identifying reliable salivary biomarkers could facilitate non-invasive screening for periodontal disease before irreversible tissue destruction occurs. This cross-sectional study evaluated selected salivary inflammatory biomarkers among adults presenting with clinically healthy gingiva and those with early periodontal inflammation. Unstimulated saliva samples were analyzed alongside routine periodontal examination. Elevated inflammatory marker concentrations were observed in participants demonstrating gingival bleeding and increased plaque accumulation. Salivary biomarker assessment showed potential as a complementary diagnostic approach for identifying early periodontal inflammation. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to determine its predictive value and applicability in routine dental practice.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Siti Zulaikha Mohd Noor (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction, adaptation, and commercial use in any medium, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author(s) and the source, a link to the license is provided, and any changes made are indicated.
